71.5% of upgradeable Ethereum contracts controlled by a single key

A census of 1,916 upgradeable proxy contracts across Ethereum, Optimism, Gnosis, Scroll, Celo, Mode and Arbitrum found that 1,347 (71.5%) resolve to a single key — an EOA or a 1-of-1 Safe. The single-key share ranges from 40% on Arbitrum to 91.2% on Gnosis.

• 1,347 of 1,916 contracts (71.5%) resolve to a single key, interval 70.3–71.9%
• Gnosis has 91.2% single-key contracts, Ethereum 64.2%
• 31 cells were unreadable and excluded from the estimate
• Method: EIP-1967 admin and implementation slots read via public JSON-RPC