AI 'invisible work' falls disproportionately to middle managers, women

The Notre Dame-IBM Tech Ethics Lab found that AI adoption creates new forms of labor and changes employee work experiences. The main 'invisible work'—configuring, checking, and maintaining AI tools—falls disproportionately on middle managers and women.

• AI not only automates but creates new types of work
• Main burden falls on middle managers
• Women bear a disproportionate share of 'invisible work'
• Study conducted by Notre Dame-IBM Tech Ethics Lab